In the most recent issue of Science (Vol. 318, 26 Oct. 2007) is a fascinating article on pg. 636-640 titled "The Coevolution of Parochial Altruism and War" by Jung-Kyoo Choi and Samuel Bowles, with an accompanying review article on pg. 581-2 by Holly Arrow titled "The Sharp End of Altruism." You can probably find the two articles at www.sciencemag.org .
Using computer simulations, Coi and Bowles show that if you create beings with the follwing traits: either altruistic (A) or non-altruistic (N) and either tolerant (T) or parochial, or anti-stranger (P), you end up with two stable populations, depending on the conditions. Under peacetime conditions, you get "a society of selfish but tolerant freetraders" (Arrow, 581), but under wartime conditions, you get "a warrior society in which people help one another but are hostile to outsiders" (581). The other two combinations -- selfless, tolerant people and selfish racists -- seem to be unstable combinations, though more stable under peacetime conditions than under times of war. The researchers observe that one doesn't even need war to be that common for the PA combination to quickly dominate.
These conclusions make a lot of evolutionary sense. Without making the mistake of thinking of behavior as simply a choice between P and T genes, as behavior is more complex than that from both a genetic point of view and from a social point of view, by treating them as overarching behaviors that can be selected, we can see, nonetheless, that certain behaviors are more adaptive than others. Part of this has to do with territorialism. All land vertebrates are territorial to varying degrees. This allows individuals and groups to have enough food and water to continue to live. Protecting territory protects food. So we should expect species to protect their territory -- which they do. Now, if a species is going to protect its territory, it must confront those who wish to intrude on or take that territory. Various rituals have evolved that allow many confrontations to end without violence. But sometimes that breaks down. And more, in chimpanzees, we see an outright preference for attacking and killing members of other groups when the balance is in favor of the attacking group. This assumption was used by the researchers, and it led to the creation of a preference for racist altruists -- those that will sacrifice to protect family and tribe, but who hate and will attack those not in the tribe. Tolerant groups are less likely to attack first, meaning the racist groups are more likely to both attack first, killing the tolerant people of other groups. The end result is that the huan race has evolved to be racist altruists.
Now, the fact that we evolved to be racist altruists who love war in no way excuses such behavior. But it seems that this combination is the most stable one under condiitions of periodic war. The other combination is predominant under periods of peace: the TN individual. These people are tolerant of others and are willing to engage in interactions with people from different groups, yet are selfish. This is the paring most associated with Americans -- and it is no doubt because America's isolation from the rest of the world, keeping us out of constatnt wars, encourages the development of TN behavior. Does this mean PA is completely replaced? The authors don't say, but let me expand on their research a little with some thoughts on my own. It seems likely that wars may have resulted in natural selection for genetic PA's, though behavior, being complex, can still have other kinds of atrtibutes built on it by society. So in the U.S., for example, while people may be more likely to be genetic PA's, we have adopted the TN meme, and use it more often than we do the AP genetic tendencies we're born with. But as the Japanese learned in WWII, it is not difficult to awaken the "sleeping dragon" of PA behavior latent in people.
It seems, though, that so long as there are wars, the PA genes-memes will continue to dominate. However, the bad news for many of the peace activists on the Left who are TA's is that peace will not produce more of them. Rather, it appears that it will be more likely to produce more TN's -- people who are more and more likely to believe in and engage in free market economics. My guess is that Ayn Rand would be one of the few not surprised by this outcome.
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